We The People

â€Å"We the People†¦ † Marked the opening of the country of America. These three words are the first three words written on the constitution which is known to be the framework of which this country is run. A country that gives all the promises of â€Å"liberty†, â€Å"justice†, â€Å"property†, and â€Å"life† through this document. This Is a document that has said they will give all in a secular manner. All matters that involve religion will not govern the country.If this said to be true, than certain practices such as Insuring Justice, does not come into agreement with their secular statement. This does not account for all forms of Insuring Justice but only for parts. The classification of crime Is divided Into two parts, the misdemeanors and the felony, Misdemeanors are punished with the use of temporary Isolation from society gall), mandatory aiding of the society (community services or reprimanding the Individual from the liberties of lif e.On the other side of crimes, a felony could also be punished using any of the methods mentioned afore, but In the case where one's life or liberty has been harmed. The methods are taken to a level of punishment higher than that of a misdemeanors; â€Å"death or imprisonment in excess of one year† (Defenestration. Com). Sentencing a person convicted of a felony to death is legal in some states and illegal in others.The death penalty is decided for those who commit crimes such as â€Å"First-degree murder with special circumstances; sabotage; train wrecking causing death; treason; perjury causing execution of an innocent person; fatal assault by a prisoner serving a life sentence† in some state or in the case of most states as long as en has committed capital murder with a certain number of aggravating circumstances. Some states have abolished the death penalty while others are in pending state where advocates of abolishing this form of punishment state that it is â₠¬Å"too costly and time consuming† (Death Penalty Information center).The removal of the death penalty is not an argument of whether or not it is moral or constitutional, but if is financially efficient. The death penalty is service of Justice in which the problem that has harmed not only those involved directly but the community as a hole is removed. The only goal that has been reached by this conclusion Is that the problem is no longer evident. Has Justice really been served to the one that has been deceased? Using the bases of the Constitution to run this country on the subject of legality, religion is not involved but the factual evidence of science would.Scientifically speaking, after the human passes away, the human body decomposes underground (â€Å"What Happens to Our Body After Death†) and this would leave the true victim and the defendant on the same level. Neither would suffer more than the other since both are no longer living, the only ones that would gain f rom the situation Is those who are alive. If the law of the land promises all what they were given from birth, this Is a form of justice that will not make the mark. The law should stick to that which it has promised not only benefiting those who are alive but those who left as well.Knowing what the one that has left is impossible but that person should not be made of equal to the one that has caused the misfortune. The correctness is punishment of the written. The Constitution is a secular document free of religious attribution since â€Å"the U. S. Government derives from people, as it clearly states in the preamble: â€Å"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union†¦. â€Å"† (Walker, â€Å"The Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense founded on the Christian religion†). Works Cited â€Å"Crimes Punishable by the Death Penalty. † Death Penalty Information Center. We The People â€Å"We the People†¦ † Marked the opening of the country of America. These three words are the first three words written on the constitution which is known to be the framework of which this country is run. A country that gives all the promises of â€Å"liberty†, â€Å"justice†, â€Å"property†, and â€Å"life† through this document. This Is a document that has said they will give all in a secular manner. All matters that involve religion will not govern the country.If this said to be true, than certain practices such as Insuring Justice, does not come into agreement with their secular statement. This does not account for all forms of Insuring Justice but only for parts. The classification of crime Is divided Into two parts, the misdemeanors and the felony, Misdemeanors are punished with the use of temporary Isolation from society gall), mandatory aiding of the society (community services or reprimanding the Individual from the liberties of lif e.On the other side of crimes, a felony could also be punished using any of the methods mentioned afore, but In the case where one's life or liberty has been harmed. The methods are taken to a level of punishment higher than that of a misdemeanors; â€Å"death or imprisonment in excess of one year† (Defenestration. Com). Sentencing a person convicted of a felony to death is legal in some states and illegal in others.The death penalty is decided for those who commit crimes such as â€Å"First-degree murder with special circumstances; sabotage; train wrecking causing death; treason; perjury causing execution of an innocent person; fatal assault by a prisoner serving a life sentence† in some state or in the case of most states as long as en has committed capital murder with a certain number of aggravating circumstances. Some states have abolished the death penalty while others are in pending state where advocates of abolishing this form of punishment state that it is â₠¬Å"too costly and time consuming† (Death Penalty Information center).The removal of the death penalty is not an argument of whether or not it is moral or constitutional, but if is financially efficient. The death penalty is service of Justice in which the problem that has harmed not only those involved directly but the community as a hole is removed. The only goal that has been reached by this conclusion Is that the problem is no longer evident. Has Justice really been served to the one that has been deceased? Using the bases of the Constitution to run this country on the subject of legality, religion is not involved but the factual evidence of science would.Scientifically speaking, after the human passes away, the human body decomposes underground (â€Å"What Happens to Our Body After Death†) and this would leave the true victim and the defendant on the same level. Neither would suffer more than the other since both are no longer living, the only ones that would gain f rom the situation Is those who are alive. If the law of the land promises all what they were given from birth, this Is a form of justice that will not make the mark. The law should stick to that which it has promised not only benefiting those who are alive but those who left as well.Knowing what the one that has left is impossible but that person should not be made of equal to the one that has caused the misfortune. The correctness is punishment of the written. The Constitution is a secular document free of religious attribution since â€Å"the U. S. Government derives from people, as it clearly states in the preamble: â€Å"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union†¦. â€Å"† (Walker, â€Å"The Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense founded on the Christian religion†). Works Cited â€Å"Crimes Punishable by the Death Penalty. † Death Penalty Information Center.

A Patch of Blue Elizabeth Kata

In her novel, A Patch of Blue, Elizabeth Kata tells a story of Selina, an eighteen year old blind girl who meets and develops a relationship with Gordon, an older black man. Gordon helps Selina realize many hopes and dreams, though not without some drawbacks. One of the disadvantages of Selina and Gordon’s relationship is that he is able to withhold telling her about the colour of his skin. Selina hates black people because the only colour that she can see is black, and she has grown to despise it. Rose-Ann and Ole Pa also don’t like black people, and Selina has therefore grown up to believe that she too, should hate Negroes. For example, she meets a little girl named Pearl. Since Selina is blind, she has no way of knowing that Pearl is black. Ole Pa returns and tells Selina that Pearl was a black girl. Selina instantly thinks â€Å"Black! I hated Pearl. I had enough black in my life. † Selina was elated to have met Gordon however in turn her home life was made more difficult as a result of this friendship. Every day before Ole Pa would leave for ‘Mens’ she would ask him to take her to the park. More often than not, he would get angry and say no leaving Selina to think up some conniving way to get him to say yes. Being with Gordon was slowly teaching her to speak her mind and state her opinions. Rose-Ann seemed to feel that Selina was just a commodity who shouldn’t think or speak. Almost whenever Selina spoke Rose-Ann would cuff her for the ‘rudeness. ’ This made Selina more and more bold and the consequences got tougher for her to handle. At one point, Selina is so terrified of Rose-Ann rage that she hides under the bed. Rose-Ann drags her out screaming â€Å"Oh you slut. Oh you slut! † Selina is no slut. There are several advantages of Selina and Gordon’s friendship, the first being the many new experiences he gives her. Not all were positive experiences, but they were all exciting and new. Gordon gives her some pineapple juice, which she has never tasted before. Selina instantly loves the taste describing it as drinking â€Å"†¦beautiful fruity stuff from bottles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They also go to Gordon’s apartment, which is where many new things happen for Selina. The first of these is her first taxi ride. In the beginning, she was scared, but was eventually coaxed into it by Gordon and she ends up thinking â€Å"I would have liked a longer drive. † They then go into the elevator up to his home, which also scares her and she ends up liking. Once in his apartment, Selina discovers that it contains carpet, which is something she had never dreamed could be in a place where you live. Secondly, Gordon promises Selina freedom by telling her that it is possible for her go to school. She would go to a school especially for the blind. This would remove her from her present home which is marred by neglect and abuse. Gordon will introduce Selina to Alice Bradden who is also blind, and has a seeing-eye dog named Duke. Going to school would allow Selina to use her brain to her full potential and to learn everything that she wants to know, not just what the radio tells her. The main advantage to Selina’s newfound friendship with Gordon becomes her favorite word: friend. Gordon gives Selina a couple of concrete gifts. One is a pair of sunglasses, to hide her face, which was disfigured by the acid. The other is a music box, which Selina does not need to see to be able to enjoy. Gordon Ralfe helps Selina build up her self esteem and confidence. He teaches her to like herself by instilling some self image. Selina falls in love with Gordon, and he grows to love her. Perhaps the greatest gift of all however is that of tolerance, his favorite word. Gordon teaches Selina to love everything, no matter what colour, shape, or size it is.

Response to Lanston Hughes Salvation Essay

I have never read a book by Langston Hughes prior to reading part of the book â€Å"Salvation† in my English class. My first thought of the part I read was that it was very interesting and very exciting and very shocking that I can be so into Mr. Langston Hughes feelings and writing. As I read paragraph by paragraph I could feel the hairs standing up in the back of my head with thrill and excitement. The paragraph in which he describes his feeling of why he was crying and his doubt for Jesus was all too familiar in my younger years of life. I was very interested in this part because I felt his pain and confusion for having such high expectations and beliefs from what people explained what would happen when he was saved and it becoming a big disappointment and caused doubts when nothing happened. There are many people that have the same exact reactions and feelings that Langston Hughes character had felt when Jesus never appeared and the peer pressure of everyone waiting for him to stand up and say he seen him was forced upon him to lie. Not only did his character stand there and wait with excitement and curiosity, he also held up the service refusing to lie that he had seen Jesus and was saved. When you read that particular part of the story when he was waiting you can tell that he was refusing to be like his friend and lie, he rather had wait to see if Jesus would come and everyone would be right about what should have happened. Since this did not happen the way it was told to him since he was small it causes major doubt not only in his family and his fellow church members but in his religion and his self. Langston Hughes Character can change to be a different person in the future because of disappointment, doubt and having to fall into peer pressure to lie at such a young age. He may never find his Belief in Jesus again, He may never believe in his Church again, He may have self-doubt and believe he was not worthy enough to be saved, He may think everything that was told to him was all made up or he may even believe it’s alright to lie because he got away with it that day in church. In my opinion, The morale of the story is that Langston Hughes character fell into a belief told by many so many times that when the story did not come true he didn’t know what to believe in anymore. I was very impressed with this part of the book that I read, I have decided to go out and by the book to read the whole book. I am always very excited about reading a good book that I feel I would either be able to relate to or that is very realistic and exciting to read. I will go to the library and look up all Langston Hughes books and glimpse through them and see if they are all similar and then maybe I will start a collection of his books. I am very glad My professor chose for us to read the part of â€Å"Salvation† cause it open my eyes to a new author I will be looking forward to read his books.

Describe labor market trends and globalization as they relate to the Essay - 1

Describe labor market trends and globalization as they relate to the job market. Explain the importance of networking in reaching your career goals - Essay Example There are several pros and cons of informational interviewing. A major advantage of conducting an informational interview is one gets first hand information about working in a particular job or industry (UC Berkeley Career Center, n.d.). It will give an idea of the career paths available for individuals in a particular field. Furthermore, one can get tips from professionals on how to prepare for a certain career. An informational interview enhances one’s communication skills and warms up one for a real job interview. It will be the beginning of establishing professional relationships with people who are in the same industry as one’s career (UC Berkeley Career Center, n.d.). Building of networks like these may later on create job leads in the future. Informational interviewing also has its drawbacks. One must be careful about choosing the professional to interview. If the interviewee is a person who is not happy with his job, then the views that he might share may be biased and will affect the interviewer negatively. Another disadvantage is that some interviewees might misconstrue the informational interview as a request for a job. Some professionals may think that the interviewer is there to gather confidential data about him and his company. The obstacles that will prevent one from conducting an informational interview include not knowing someone whom one can interview. Lack of contacts may make it difficult to get a professional to interview. In addition, there are some professionals who may not be open to the idea of being interviewed about their jobs. Not having the confidence to talk with a professional is another impediment for conducting the interview. Preparing for an informational interview means having to do some research about the person one is going to interview and about his organization (Crosby, 2002). Visiting the company’s website will help a lot in the

Facilities Management - Good Business Turns Risk into Opportunity Case Study

Facilities Management - Good Business Turns Risk into Opportunity - Case Study Example The competition in the market place is such that ill-conceived facilities can render any business a non-starter. In particular, waste management of Fitness First Gym Center, if not properly exercised, could spell trouble for the gym if not quickly set right. The waste management in Fitness First Gym Center includes internal and external factors. The internal factors have bearing on the management of space, exercise equipment, number of trainees and their instructors and the management of time that goes along with the utility of space and equipment. The external factors are those that influence the output of the gym without which it cannot provide integral services like the panel of consultant doctors and contract services for the maintenance of the equipment (Facilities Management Introduction).   Combining the internal and external sources, the gym must actualize its space usage with the strength of its members. Vigilant management will ensure that members using their premises and equipment do so regularly, keep tabs on non-regular members for follow up, and reduce the impact of non-regulars on their space and equipment. It is difficult to bring waste management to zero. It can tolerate waste management of say, five percent. Occasionally, it can even take waste management of ten percent. Anything more than ten percent must be swiftly dealt with a policy of encouragement for better attendance. Ultimately, the system must aim for zero waste management. Waste management for the gym is extremely precarious and must be framed with enough sensitivity to allow members to understand the gym’s stand.  Ã‚  

Equity and trusts Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and trusts Master - Case Study Example However it is important the trust instrument must allow the property to be identified clearly. (The K-Zone - Certainty of Subject Matter) The transfer of five thousand shares in Echo Ltd to be held in Trust will be considered as valid trust property as has been decided in the case of Re Rose (1952)4. The fact that the transfer of the shares was not registered does not affect the creation of the trust covering the shares, as the legal presumption is that even when the settler has not done enough to effect a legal transfer the act of creating a trust including the shares as the trust property will constitute a trust. The transfer of some prime agricultural land from the farm which Andy will inherit under his father's will does not constitute a trust. This is due to the fact that the title to the property in the passes to Andy only on the death of his father when the will takes effect. As the subject matter of the trust is not certain there is no creation of any trust in respect of the agricultural land. This is the case of a 'future property' that the settler expects to obtain. Any attempt to create a trust of a future property will be considered as void as the setter does not have the right to transfer the title to the trustee (The K-Zone - Future Property) This issue is well settled in Re Ellenborough 19035. 3. Transfer of house property to Pat - On her marriage to Jonathan In this case when Andy creates a trust of the house property in favour of Pat on the condition that she marries Jonathan it gives rise to a case that a court of equity would compel Andy to constitute the Trust if he reneges on his commitment (The K-Zone - Marriage Consideration). However there are no specific case laws to prove that marriage consideration would still constitute a valid purpose for the creation of a trust for a modern court. But the existence of marriage consideration is attracted by the basic implication of 'unregistered conveyancing' which may require the transfer of title to Pat. 4. Transfer to Richard one of the house properties In Milroy v Lord 18626 there are three processes that must be carried out to recognize the transfer of any property as a valid gift. They are: An outright transfer of legal title to the beneficiary An outright transfer to trustees to hold on trust for the beneficiary or a self declaration trust The principle to be considered here is that the above three circumstances are mutually exclusive and the courts will not consider an imperfect gift as a trust or vice versa. The principle established in the case of Re Rose 1952 though has been made specifically applicable to transfer of shares can equally be

Macro and micro economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro and micro economics - Assignment Example Letting the price of shirts be x and that of computers be y. The two countries might trade if the price of computers is: y=11/12x d) There will be less trade between the two countries. The economic well-being of the citizens of the two countries improves since both can acquire the commodities locally. a) The worker in Brazil. This is because they can produce one ounce of coffee in loess time as compared to the worker in Peru and also produce soya beans at a higher rate. b) The worker in Brazil. This is because they can produce the same amount of coffee as the worker in Peru but at a faster rate or within few minutes. c) Peru will import coffee. Brazil will specialize in producing coffee and hence export to Peru. Peru will specialize in production of soya beans. d) After the country specialize in producing and exporting those commodities which they can produce at a relatively lower cost and import those goods which are relatively expensive to produce.

In Chapter VI, who did the horrors of slavery affect the most Douglas, Essay

In Chapter VI, who did the horrors of slavery affect the most Douglas, Mr. Auld or Mrs. Auld - Essay Example Mr. Auld and Mrs. Auld were Douglass’s masters and Mr. Auld deprived Douglass of the right of learning to read and write which he termed as completelymisplaced Douglass (2013). Douglass had to bear with Mr. Auld’s insults, and in a section of the chapter, Mr. Auld stated that niggers should not be allowed to learn, because the overall consequences of teaching a nigger would be independence. Douglass had to put up with constant abuse from his master which completely went against his rights as a human being. Douglass’sperception of education was centered on the fact that education was a form of freedom. He did not only have to put up with the poor treatment which allowed him little or no access to vital amenities, but Mr. Auld’s new approach completely denied him the right to knowledge. Douglass experiences around the neighborhood which were graced with the images of emaciated beings in the form of Mary and Henrietta who were enslaved at the Hamilton residen ce. Such experiences must have affected Douglass’spsychology due to the uncertainties that he had to grapple with in relation to his survival and

Enhancing a Home Computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enhancing a Home Computer - Essay Example Buying a new one is quite expensive and is a waste of money if one already has a computer that is functioning well; in this case, upgrading the computer system seems to be a favorable option. A few changes here and there, and a computer system will be ready to take on any game to provide computer users with a better gaming experience (Kohler 234). Mostly, the problem experienced by gamers while gaming is the speed of the game; the games require higher amount of speed and the computer can only afford to provide a limited amount of speed. This happens because the Ram (Random Access Memory) of a particular gamer’s personal computer is lesser than the amount of space required to run a particular game. In this scenario, the gamer has to change the RAM of his/her personal computer. The RAM level should be higher than the desired amount of RAM required. Switching RAMs is quite easy and is less expensive than changing the entire personal computer. The current version of upgraded RAM on which the current high quality games are based and designed is DDR3; a 4GB RAM of DDR3 only costs around 50 pounds (Vandome 310). Just a small expense of 50 pounds, and the computer will be ready to help one play high quality games. Upgrade of RAM is not the only thing required to play high quality PC games; games now even require high quality video cards. Both RAM and video cards operate together to give a user the best experience of a particular game. The choice of video card depends on one’s pocket size; this means one’s willingness to spend money and the kind of games one wants to play (Dukish 210). If a particular game requires a gaming video card, it can not be played on a ordinary VGA card. Currently, the best available video cards for a gamer to make his PC a gaming paradise are GTX 460 and 570 (Debevec 125). The 460 one is much expensive than the

The Power of Many Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Many - Coursework Example ntials, access to data and resources, personal acknowledgement, skill improvement, and a sense of involvement and effectiveness in resolving community issues. In comparison, individual efforts increase costs by raising the time necessary for organization, inadequate services and resources necessary for contribution, and primary burnout. By pinpointing the particular benefits and limitations to contribution to the engagement attempt, community leaders can install the proper incentives (C.S. Mott Foundation, 2010). Approaches that can effect progressive social change are nonviolence and traditional political affairs approaches. The nonviolent approach includes peaceful measures and courses of action that do not involve traditional politics. For instance, conventions, neighborhood watches, isolation, industrial action, sit-ins, fasts, and forming alternative political associations. A community member like a demonstrator can undertake peaceful approaches to not only organize a community but to prevent harm as well. For example, a peaceful approach of demonstrating can prevent loggers from cutting down trees. The other approach, traditional politics, is the ordinary method of community organization that I deem practical and relevant to me. Politics exploits the collective power of community organization (Akoto-Abutiate, 2014, p.

Importance of Events in Popular Music Essay Example for Free

Importance of Events in Popular Music Essay ‘How do we determine the importance of historical events in popular music?’ Why should we determine the importance of historical events in popular music? Whats important to one fan of an artist is completely different to the views from a fan of another artist. Its not just what makes the papers , magazines and tv that matters to fans. News about artists is broadcasted in many a way in todays world, mostly because ‘stars’ and their ‘goings on’ are more important to the general public than they have ever been before. people like to look up to artists or in most cases now look down on their drug abuse or outrageous behavior and bring back the reality that we are all the same and can all go through the same tough times. Music is the most favoured thing in alot of peoples lives today. Ipods and mp3 players are something that a vast majority of people carry around with them religiously and would feel empty without. Its only human that people are interested in what their favorite artist looks like, where they come from and their general background. This however has lead to artists lives being intruded and covered across various news feeds and social networks more than ever before. General public forget that there are infact 2 sides to an artist. The side that we see when we they are on tour and their natural human side. When they are on stage they are a musician. when they are not on stage they are classed as a celebrity whether they like it or not. Quote taken straight from the second line of wikipedia when the well known name ‘Amy Winehouse’ is searched ‘Winehouse is best known for her powerful contralto vocals, substance abuse and mental health issues’ On a website such as Wikipedia its their job to write a biography on famous people. They have to include stories from each persona. The person they are writing about is a celebrity and they are a celebrity for a reason. It’s wikipedia’s job to tell everyone who they are and how they got there. After reading the article on Amy it would seem that in some instances the fact that she has been caught smoking crack and been wandering round high in public in just her bra outweigh the better points about her career. Having then come across a ‘Talk’ page that gets raised if people aren’t happy with the way something is written it would seem my points were correct about this article ‘This article covers Winehouse being photographed bloody and bruised, high, wandering in public in a bra, drug overdoses, being recorded smoking crack; it covers her health issues, her brushes with the law, in fact, every thing that has occurred over last year and a half. That the article doesnt denigrate or make judgments or pronouncements about her attests to its neutrality, not a bias.’ Straight away in this article the writer makes reference to Amy’s ‘downfalls’ making this a more noticeable point to begin with. If someone had heard a song by Amy on the radio and decided they wanted to know more about her as an artist they would be immediately switched off by the statement ‘ best known for substance abuse and mental health issues’ this leaving an even bigger dent in a ruined fan base when the fact she had drug issues could have been kept as a minor point and concluded with the fact that that piece of news happened quite a while ago and she’s doing alot better and back in the studio recording her third album. But there’s also the argument that people need to know everything about her with it being a biography about a famous person. It would be bias of wikipedia to not mention the troubled aspects of her life aswell as her achievements in the music industry. There’s more news about artists going downhill than the fact their album may have been at number one for a matter of weeks because its what the public are eager to hear about. Writers are always looking for negative points to make about musicians as it gains kudos for them, the public love to gossip about others that are in a bad way and going through hell rather than gossiping about the fact someones been at number 1 for 10 consecutive weeks. It’s like some peoples lives depend on wether Winehouse has had another drug outrage and been forced into rehab again. We only knew Miss Winehouse for a short period of time before she was swept off the our headlines to rehab. This thought pattern lead me to thinking of an artist that had been round for a longer period of time that had gone through a rough patch before their career crumbled. If we look back to a piece of musical news I found online from the 60’s the way the articles are worded sound like the writer is writing the article with respect to the artist. Talking about what is happening to the artist at the time of course but in a way that is respectful and shows that the writer appreciates the problems that the artist in question is going through and has an appreciation for the music they make. â€Å"These two cats seem to add that final dimension that was missing before in Hendrixs live music. On the Are You Experienced album, he taped over his own rhythm guitar, so as to have some sort of melody to fall back on. Larry Lee now keeps it present all the time.† The writer makes reference to the good things that have happened. Things that have changed the way the certain musicians music is written and how it has come to benefit future material. The article in question is talking about Hendrix’s gigs and his backing band and does mention the drugs he was taking at the time. The writer consistently praises Jimi and his band and only makes reference to the drugs right at the end of the article of which consists of one line. ‘The drugs were found directly on top of clothes inside his luggage. Now who puts their stash right on top? Especially well-travelled freaks like Mr. Jimi, through border crossings. When he re ­ported to the Toronto medical exam ­ining board, his body was found clean and pure. Aint a trace a shit in Jimi; but the word-of-mouth-and-press was not so clean.’ Even when making reference to the drugs the writer details the happenings in a jokey way as if to say ‘Silly ‘Ol Jimi!’ like the writer was close to Jimi or really admired him. When relating this back to todays news about stars you can tell alot has changed in the way we really appreciate musicians. The public go through years of enjoyment from an artist and their music, relating songs to their personal experiences but as soon as the star does something even as minute as forgetting to put knickers on they are slated and the writer jumps to obsurd conclusions such as the star must have forgotten to put knickers on because they had been taking drugs or drinking copious amounts of alcohol. There’s no appreciation for the artist and no respect for the way the artist feels. Jimi Hendrix died of an apparent drug overdose on the 18th September 1970. It was the death of someone who had created the backbone of RB and rock music that musicians still use today. He created so many different techniques on the electric guitar that musicians class as basics or must haves today. The drug overdose that killed him is what has urged me to talk about Jimi. I was intrigued to see how writers spoke about him once he had gone and how people still remember him today. I wanted to see wether people remembered his celebrity side more or actually did remember him for the musical legend that he was and still is today. Drugs in the psychedelic 1960’s were used by many people for recreational reasons. LSD was the drug of the century, lots of other musicians used it and fans used it to enjoy music to its full potential. That was a regular occurrence in the 1960’s but after Jimi died of a drug overdose it becomes that little bit more concerning and people wanted to s tart digging for reasons as to why he’d want to kill himself. I dont want to be a clown anymore. I dont want to be a rock and roll star, Jimi says, emphatically. The forces of contention are never addressed but their pervasiveness has taken its toll on Jimis stamina and peace of mind. Trying to remain a growing artist when a business empire has nuzzled you to its bosom takes a toughness, a shrewdness† Note the fact Jimi states â€Å"star† when he speaks. He had had enough of the stardom that being a good musician brings. His story relates to Kurt Cobains story in the way that them being celebrities and their lives being invaded all the time got far too much for them. The clown part of the quote could link to the fact that clowns are a form of entertainment and people watch their every move when they are around. Jimi Enjoyed being a musician but was sick of people consistently following him around and he wasn’t able to get time to himself. â€Å"Lest anyone forget, Lea ­cock Pennebakers Monterey Pop has immortalized his pyromaniacal affair with the guitar. Rock media bedroom talk makes him King Stud of the groupies. Stories circulate that he is rude to audi ­ences, stands up writers, hangs up photographers, that he doesnt talk.† The way the writer speaks about this problem is in a respectable way, saying pop has ruined his relationship with his guitar. They don’t slate him for wanting to just be one side of the coin. Today musicians have two personas because it seems right to be that way. Music to them is work and its a shame that they have to be followed when they’re not doing their work. When anybody else finishes work they leave and become themselves again. There’s no rules when you’re yourself. You can drink where you like, say what you want, do whatever you like, wear what you want but being a musician has its limits. The public eye is always on you, you have to be wearing the right clothes whenever you leave the house and you have to look good when you leave the house. Today you can’t just be a musician, you’re a celebrity aswell and once the celebrity lifestyle has a hold of you there’s no turning back. Looking at other articles from the 1960’s it seems that alot more was accepted at the time. Drugs such as LSD, heroin, amphetamines and cannabis were widely used in the fan world and in the musical world. In todays world drugs are much less tolerated and forces crack down alot more on them. People have generally grown up knowing that drugs are bad and not acceptable and that you should never go near them. Back in the 1960’s people were persuading others to use recreational drugs to have a good time with them. With the case being that drugs were alot more accepted in the 1960’s writers at the time had less to write about musicians lives and more about the way they perform and the way their music is put together. Jimi Hendrix’s death was a turning point for popular music. A massive gap had to be filled and for years other artists have pioneered to become the new Jimi Hendrix, a true guitar hero. His death was so shocking that people still write about him and his achievements today. The music in the 60’s was so much more important than the stardom that people seek today which is why we remember Jimi Hendrix for his Music and Not his Drug abuse like Amy Winehouse.

Research proposal Essay Example for Free

Research proposal Essay Roselle Jardin Ranario, DPA Research Adviser October 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thinking that this was impossible to achieve made us realize that everything would be possible especially with enough help and support from people around us. Not only motivating us but also helped us to pursue our goal. They gave us the courage to do good and guided all throughout. It is our pleasure to thank those who made this possible. To our Heavenly Father, for His divine providence and for giving us enough strength. To our families, for their moral and financial support especially during difficult times. To our very supportive adviser, Dr. Roselle Jardin-Ronario, DPA for giving us words of wisdom and guiding us all throughout. Thank you also for the patience and encouragements. TABLE OF CONTENTS TitlePage Number INTRODUCTION Rationale4 Theoretical Background7 Statement of the Problem13 Significance of the Study14 RELATED LITERATURE15 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY22 Research Design Research Environment Research Respondents Research Instrument Selected based on the performance Data Gathering Procedures23 Treatment of Data DEFINITION OF TERMS24 BIBLIOGRAPHY25 APPENDICES28 CURRICULUM VITAE29 Introduction Rationale The love and eagerness to know is the beginning of a beautiful journey towards learning. The moment we want to know about any concept, we tend to  develop attachment towards it. By then, we would like to learn more about the concept and would do anything to know better. Statistically, Mathematics has been the academic subject that has presented the greatest challenge to many students. Many researchers suggest that difficulties in learning mathematics begin as early as pre-school. They argue that inadequate knowledge and ineffective teaching by some teachers plant the seed for future complications in the mathematics classroom. In an effort to address the challenge of poor academic performance in math, there is an abundant amount of literature and research on improvement in methods of math instruction. Since then, teachers are trying to utilize their creativity and initiative to grasp more strategies on how to develop the mathematical ability of learners effectively. The students start to dislike math because they do not understand. It builds up each grade level to the point that they hate it because they have difficulty in learning. The learners were not able to master the competency that they need to master each grade level. And because of this, learners develop attitude and anxiety towards math. Computer assisted instruction being used by many Asian countries in school especially in teaching math subject is of great help for both teachers and students. This can help learners understand well the concept of numbers, symbols, and objects through clear visual, accurate, and fast learning process and develop more of their mathematical ability. Through this, learners are now more confident to learn math and learning is more effective when teaching-learning method is incorporated with both verbal and visual entity with the use of computer assisted instruction. This concern draws an interest to the researchers to know the Asian people’s math attitudes and anxieties in computer assisted instructions. The researchers attempt to help the learners to appreciate math more and with it, they will be able to start learning math better. In the long run, the learners will be able to develop their mathematical ability and be able to make use of it on their future chosen field. With the findings, the  researchers may also be able to relate it to the math learners since the researchers themselves are also a math instructor in one of the schools in Asia. The researchers may come up with effective strategies in the teaching-learning environment with the learners to improve their math performance. Theoretical Background This study is anchored by these two theories; Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and Vygotsky’s Social Constructivist Theory. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory is composed of four processes of goal realization: self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction and self-efficacy. These components are interrelated, each having an effect on motivation and goal attainment (Redmond, 2010). Self-observation–Observing oneself can inform and motivate. It can be used to assess one’s progress toward goal attainment as well as motivate behavioral changes. There are two important factors with regards to self-observation: regularity and proximity. Regularity means the behavior should be continually observed, whereas proximity means the behavior should be observed while it occurs, or shortly after. Alone, self-observation is insufficient because motivation depends on one’s expectations of outcomes and efficacy (Zimmerman Schunk, 2001). Self-evaluation– Self-evaluation compares an individuals current performance with a desired performance or goal. It is affected by the standards set and the importance of the goals. Goals must be specific and important; therefore, goals such as, do your best are vague and will not motivate. Schunk and Zimmerman (1994) state that specific goals specify the amount of effort required for success and boost self-efficacy because progress is easy to gauge. If one has little regard for his goal he will not evaluate performance. There are two types of self-evaluation standards: absolute and normative. For example, a grading scale would be an example of a fixed or absolute standard. A social comparison such as evaluating one’s behavior or performance against other individuals is an example of a normative standard  (Zimmerman Schunk, 2001). People gain satisfaction when they achieve goals that they value. When individuals achieve these valued goals, they are more likely to continue to exert a high level of effort, since sub-standard performance will no longer provide satisfaction (Bandura, 1989). Self-reaction– Reactions to one’s performance can be motivating. If the progress made is deemed acceptable, then one will have a feeling of self-efficacy with regard to continuing, and will be motivated towards the achievement of their goal. A negative self-evaluation might also be motivating in that one may desire to work harder provided that they consider the goal to be valuable. Self-reaction also allows a person to re-evaluate their goals in conjunction with their attainments (Bandura, 1989). If a person has achieved a goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and raise the standard (goal); whereas, if a person has not achieved the goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and lower the standard (goal) to an achievable goal. Self-efficacy– One’s belief in the likelihood of goal completion can be motivating in itself (Van der BijlShortridge-Baggett, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to peoples judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. Task-related self-efficacy increases the effort and persistence towards challenging tasks; therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed (Barling Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axtell Parker, 2003, p. 114). Vygotsky (as cited by Whitcomb, 2002) stresses that cognitive development is a social activity. â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological).† Adolescents develop their own thoughts and attitudes through social interaction and communication with peers and other members of society. (Rogoff, et al, 2007). They can also learn by observing the activities and interactions of others in a social setting. Adolescent students must have access to a more knowledgeable person or persons with whom they can communicate and interact socially. Realizing this will help keep teachers aware of just how meaningful their interactions and attitudes  are to a student, and how what they say and do can influence a student. Depending on the social context of the classroom, a student may benefit from being able to interact freely and socially with other students as they learn. The teacher may be socially less approachable in the classroom context. A ten year study at Harvard (Crouch, Mazur, 2001) showed that most students learn more from group learning activities than they do studying alone or listening to the teacher dispense information. When students are required to explain their ideas to their peers in a dialogue, rather than recite whatever â€Å"correct† explanation the teacher has told them, they more fully engage their minds, using their own cultural tools and opening their own personal beliefs to eventual modification. Vygotsky’s important notion state that students learn most effectively when they are given tasks which are a little too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone but can be mastered through social cooperation, is called teaching in the students’ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). What he means is that if the lessons and tasks given to a student are not close enough â€Å"proximal† to what the student finds challenging, then the student will not develop. Trivial exercises result in mostly boredom and little to no cognitive development. On the other end of the spectrum, if a task is too difficult for students, even when they can work together, then they will simply fail at it and also achieve little development. So there is an optimal zone, or â€Å"magic middle†, where students are challenged, but can cooperate socially to increase their mastery of the task. Such a task is said to be within the ZPD. The concept of a ZPD can also be applied to the way adolescents think and develop. Most adolescents want to develop into adults and join adult society, perhaps to be free from their diminished status below the adults within society, particularly in our culture. If we consider that operating within the ZPD is the most efficient way to develop the cognitive and social functions of an adult, then it is only natural that adolescents tend to form groups of their peers and then attempt to understand and imitate adult social and cultural behaviors. The ZPD is very strongly evidenced by classroom studies. A study at the University of Illinois (Wenning, Wenning, 2006) on the implementation of new inquiry-based lab activities, which are more challenging and more work for  both students and instructors, found that these new and difficult activities must be introduced gradually. The research group achieved great success when they began the course with lab activities that were the easiest to understand within the pre-existing scaffolding (in this case, their educational background) and within the students’ ZPD. As the course progressed, the lab activities became increasingly complex, but the students continued to succeed and increased their skills and understanding. By working within their ZPD, they were able to shift it ever higher and achieve mastery, just as Vygotsky would have predicted. When I become a physics teacher, I know I will have to use this same approach: First I will have to investigate and identify my students’ ZPD, as they did in the Illinois study.(Wenning, Wenning, 2006). Statement of the Problem This study aims to examine the relationship of Math attitude and anxiety of students in computer assisted instruction across Asian countries. Specifically, this study aims to know the following: 1. What is the Math attitude of the learners across Asian countries? 2. What are the levels of Math anxiety of the learners across Asian countries? 3. What are the types of computer assisted instruction in Math across Asian countries? 4. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction in Math attitude of the learners? 5. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction to the levels of Math anxiety of learners? Significance of the Study The results of this research study categorically benefited from many sectors of the educational institutions by providing information on the results of the performance in terms of students language achievement that will enable the teachers to know the students areas of difficulty and strength, thereby guiding them in reconstructing their program of teaching to suit their needs. Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly benefited are the following: To the principal concerned, the results of this research  study may give her insights which would encourage her to plan projects designed to improve the quality of language teaching in the public school like Minglanilla National Science High School as the lead school of all public secondary schools in the Municipality of Minglanilla, Cebu Province. The district coordinator in English of the Municipality of Minglanilla as a researcher will benefit from the experimental study for future references. He has been provided with the d ata and information necessary for his experimental analysis utilizing the macro-skills learning performance intended for High School students, particularly in science classes. This will help the English teachers in Science High School realize in order for them to understand the new approaches in teaching and to be able to use the techniques and procedures effectively. Thus, it is necessary to bring their training up-to-date. They should as well encourage independent thinking and free communication of notions among the students concerned using the tools of expressions acquired in English class because this is the eventual aim of language teaching. To the first year teachers assigned to teach pilot classes as formative years in first year, it may enable them to realize that they should understand evaluation and procedures with emphasis on experimental viewpoints and learning approaches not only them as teachers but also their students so they can integrate with their own teaching and testing. More significantly, they will realize that in fairness to their students, they should test what they really teach. The secondary freshmen as student entrants of Minglanilla National Science High School will further ameliorate their savvy based on the structured lessons and differ mentally according to the departmentalized lessons, advanced lessons presented, and general learning performance based also on their intellectual aspects of learning. It will enable the students in general to grasp at the innovative teaching-learning approaches shared with them not only by the teachers but also by the freshmen pilot classes in terms of the four (4) areas of English language teaching, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing as sequenced in the lessons. Finally, the learning institution should initiate and institute a re-training program for the students as the training ground for them to go for the next higher level. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The learning of mathematics is affected by the confidence of learners in their mathematical abilitiesand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings they harbour towards mathematics (Coben, 2003 as cited by Kerlinger 2004). Their conceptions of the subject and their perceptions of themselves and of their relationship to mathematics lie at the heart of their mathematics learning behaviour (Philippou Christou, 1998). For fear of embarrassment, many adults go to great lengths to avoid admitting that they experience reading difficulties, yet it appears to be normal, even acceptable, in modern life to readily admit to a dislike and misunderstanding of mathematics. Sewell (1981) suggested that at least half the population, including many with high mathematical qualifications, had negative attitudes to mathematics, ranging from lack of confidence to anxiety and even fear. According to Bandura’s sociocognitive theory, student’s motivation is a construct that is built out of individual learning activities and experiences, and it varies from one situation or context to another as cited by Pantzaira Philippou, 2007. Schereiber (2000) said that those who have positive attitudes towards Mathematics have better performance in Mathematics. Latterell (2008) writes in her book about the â€Å"Math Wars† that â€Å"Japanese people believe in gambae. Gambae means that one is successful if one works hard enough to be successful. One’s attitude and behavior must match the belief that hard work leads to success† (p. 126). Considering the results of the TIMSS, American students are no competition for Japanese students in mathematics. Japanese and other Asian students consistently outperform American students in mathematics (Latterell, 2008) and innumeracy. â€Å"Those with low mathematical abilities are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the subject and less inclination to make the effort to improve their mathematical abilities† (p. 212). Hammerman and Goldberg (2003) also state that to become successful in mathematics requires a positive attitude and belief in one’s ability to succeed. The factors affecting mathematics anxiety were mathematics achievement,  attitude toward mathematics, trait anxiety, and debilitating anxiety.^ Mathematics attitude, mathematics achievement, field indepedence, and the anxiety measures were found to be significant predictors of level of mathematics anxiety. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety face real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of â€Å"long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math† (p. 224). Extensive literature demonstrates that anxiety, stress, lack of confidence, and phobic reactions in the face of mathematical problems are exhibited in most modern cultures (Macrae, 2003), and math- anxiety is commonly characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, or fear that impacts on mathematical performance (Ashcraft, 2002). It is associated with loss of self-esteem in confronting a mathematical situation (Acelajado, 2004), negative reactions to mathematical concepts and evaluation procedures, and with many constructs including working memory, age, gender, self-efficacy, and mathematics attitudes (Cates Rhymer, 2003). Students faced with the dual burdens of intractable content and math-anxiety a posteriori tend to have weak or negative mathematics self-efficacy beliefs. Bandura (1986) defined self-efficacy beliefs as â€Å"people’s judgements of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances† as cited by Chiu 2009. Self-efficacy beliefs are a better predictor of success than an inventory of skills or prior achievements, and relationships have been found between self-efficacy for solving mathematics problems and mathanxiety, mathematics attitudes, general mental ability, mathematics self-concept, and mathematics experience (Finney Schraw, 2003). Yà ¼ksel-Åžahin (2008) said that Mathematics anxiety has to do with a sense of discomfort while required to work on mathematical problems (Hadfield   Trujillo, 1999; Ma, 2003). Low grades or failure in mathematics could also lead to mathematics anxiety or exasperate students’ existing levels of anxiety for mathematics (Ma Xu, 2004; Norwood, 1994; Reynolds, 2001; Satake Amato, 1995; Townsend, Moore, Tuck, Wilton, 1998). Failure in mathematics, fear and anxiety about it could cause extreme feelings of dislike about mathematics. Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Poor performance in mathematics has been linked to an increase in mathematics anxiety (Furner Duffy, 2002; Hopko et.al., 2003). Megan R. Smith (2004) said that Math anxiety is a real problem facing students and teachers today. The mathematics teacher especially needs to understand the causes and effects of math anxiety as well as ways to help students overcome it. There are many symptoms of math anxiety including an unwillingness to attempt mathematics problems, a fear of taking advanced mathematics classes, and being unusually nervous when in mathematics class. Math anxiety hinders students working memory (Perina, 2002). It occurs at different ages in different people for different reasons. The main cause of math anxiety is the teacher himself It has been shown that students tend to internalize their instructors interest in and enthusiasm for teaching math (Jackson and Leffingwell, 1999). It is imperative when teaching mathematics that the teacher progresses from simple problems to complex ones (Schwartz, 2000). The students also need to have support systems in mathematics, whether this comes from their parents at home or with other students at school (Schwartz, 2000). The greatest prevention of math anxiety is the teacher himself. As stated before, the teacher needs to have a positive attitude when in class and needs to be willing to help students. The teacher must believe in the students even when they do not believe in themselves. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety  face real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of â€Å"long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math† (p. 224). Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Such mistakes lead to lower grades in mathematics which in turn increases anxiety about math. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a narrower term and most often refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities. Computer based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. Computer – based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer according to the American Institute of Research, 2004. Johnson (2000) said that the computer opens a wide range of resources. When correctly used, they give learners a different level of experience and bring new style and height of analysis in the classroom. In the Philippines, the Department of Education is in the final stage of completing the five – year Information and Communication Technology for Education Strategies Plan as Lapus (2008) puts it. Computer – based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer, the American Institute of Research (2004) reiterated. CAI is also known as Computer Assisted Instruction. Examples of CAI applications include guided drill and practice exercises, computer visualization of complex objects, and computer-facilitated communication between learners and teachers. CAI can dramatically increase a learners  access to information. The program can adapt to the abilities and preferences of the individual student and increase the amount of personalized instruction a student receives. Many students benefit from the immediate responsiveness of computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. Moreover, computer-learning experiences often engage the interest of students motivate them to learn and increase independence and personal responsibility for education (Microsoft Encarta, 2008 as cited by Vibar et. Al, 2010). As mentioned by Hergenhahn and Olson (1997) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) motivates students to learn in ways that traditional instruction may not by providing immediate feedback, personal attention, exciting visual displays, and a game-like atmosphere. In fact, students are often so motivated by CAI that depriving them of their turn with the computer acts as punishment, and giving them additional time with the computer that acts as re-enforcement. Research Methodology Research Design This study will employ quantitative approach of data analysis and presentation. It utilizes descriptive correlation method of deriving data from 4 different Asian countries namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines. Research Respondents The respondents of the study will be selected using data mining technique. The 4 Southeast Asian countries including Philippines are among the many that joined the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey and based on the records, among the Southeast Asian countries, only four joined namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines based on the 2003 TIMSS records. Research Environment The research will be conducted within the Four Southeast Asian Countries namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines. Research Instrument For the empirical phase of the study, the researchers will make use of the record sheet based from the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Research Procedures Gathering of Data Academic performance will be downloaded from Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Through data mining technique, fou different South East Asian countries will be selected based on their performance in Math. Treatment of Data The cluster sampling will be utilized to identify the four South East Asian Countries and Pearson r correlation coefficient will help determine the relationship between Math anxiety and Math Attitude. DEFINITION OF TERMS For a better and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined in the context of this investigation. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) refers to the method of teaching that uses computers to interact with students in the teaching-learning process. Math Anxiety refers to the feeling of tension or fear in Math. Math Attitude refers to the behavior towards Math TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE STUDY (TIMSS) international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of students from different grade levels across countries. DATA MINING TECHNIQUE getting information from a data set and makes it understandable for further use. BIBLIOGRAPHY Crouch, C. H., Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970-977. (Peer Instruction and Inquiry)doi:10.1119/1.1374249 Daniels, H. (2007). Pedagogy. In H. Daniels, J. Wertsch, M. Cole (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dilber, R., Karaman, I., Duzgun, B. (2009). High school students’ understanding of projectile motion concepts. Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(3), 203-222. Ibrahim, B., Buffler, A., Lubben, F. (2009). Profiles of Freshman Physics Students’ Views on the Nature of Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(3), 248–264. Mason, A., Singh, C. (2010). Helping students learn effective problem solving strategies by reflecting with peers. American Journal of Physics, 78(7), 748-754. Rogoff, B., Moore, L., Najafi, B., Dexter, A., Correa-Chavez, M., Solis J. (2007). Children’s development of culture repertoires through participation in everyday routines and practices. In J. E. Grusec P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. New York: Guilford. Pachler, Norbert, Center of Excellence for Work-based Learning for Education Professionals, Dept. of learning, Curriculum Communication, Institute of Education, University of London. 2004. Using fuzzy statistics to determine Mathematics Attitude and Anxiety, Necla Turanli (2013), Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (4): 568-572, IDOSCI Publications. Megan R. Smith. (2004). Math Anxiety: Causes, Effects, and Preventative Measures. Internet Sources glwhitcomb.iweb.bsu.edu Tago et al, Mobile Learning, Challenges and Potentials. www.inderscience.comfilter.php http://www.edpubs.org. PatrickGonzales (2004). Highlights from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) 2003. [emailprotected] http://www.icmeorganizers.dk/tsg15/ APPENDIX E BUDGET SUMMARY 1. Supplies: Drawing book P 46.00 Clear FolderP 16.00 Cost of Services: a. Print out P 30.00 Total P 76.00 Prepared by: ARMESTIDES M. BARGAYO VI RESEARCH TEAM TREASURER Curriculum Vitae PERSONAL DATA Name:Odessa M. Bonjoc – Avenido Address:Luyang, Carmen, Cebu Birthday:November 15, 1983 Civil Status:Married Sex:Female Age:29 Spouse:Ariel B. Avenido EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Luyang Elementary School Year Graduated: 1996 Secondary: Cebu Academy Year Graduated: 2000 Tertiary: University of the Visayas – Main Campus Year Graduated: 2004 Course: Bachelor in Elementary Education – Area in Mathematics Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education – Major in ELT Employment Record: Position: Teacher 2 Designation:ICT Teacher School: Luyang Elementary School – DepEd Province PERSONAL DATA Name: Armestides M. Bargayo VI Address: Lower Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu Birthday: October 22, 1981 Civil Status: Single Sex: Male Age: 31 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Minglanilla Central School Year Graduated: 1994 High School: Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy Year Graduated: 1998 College: University of San Carlos Year Graduated: 2002 Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Math Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major in Math Employment Record: Position: Math Teacher School: University of Cebu – Main Campus PERSONAL DATA Name: Jun Antoinette Z. Navaja Address: 4- E Gorordo Avenue, Kamputhaw, Cebu City Birthday: January 27, 1988 Civil Status: Single Sex: Female Age: 25 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Year Graduated: 2001 High School: Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Year Graduated: 2005 College: University of San Carlos Year Graduated: 2009 Course: Bachelor of Education major in Special Education Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major Special Education- Mental Retardation Employment Record: Position: Substitute Teacher School: Barrio Luz Elementary School, DepEd Cebu PERSONAL DATA Name: Angelie Lopez Senarosa Address: Catmaran, Basak, Compostela, Cebu Birthday: April 25, 1982 Civil Status:Single Sex: Female Age: 31 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Panangban Elementary School Year Graduated: 2000 High School: Compostela National High School Year Graduated: 2003 College: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: 2007 Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Math Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major in Math Employment Record: Position: Math Teacher School: Mulao National High School, DepEd Cebu

Importance of Project Management in Construction Industry

Importance of Project Management in Construction Industry Task 1 Advantages of the client using project management approaches to secure their aims and objectives for the project; Creating the concise and method for the entire task, including where subsidizing may be gotten. Formulating a general advancement program for the task. Selecting and delegating the specialists. Prompting on task dangers. Prompting on acquisition choices. Dealing with the improvement of financing applications. Task 2 Ways to mend temper average in the explanation perseverance. Characterizing and clutch out property is a coin of the hap arrangement station. The low-level and cyanotype for the convenience attribute moral code are place eager among this showy where each after staging will poverty to embrace the laid out particulars. Distributed message, for warning, liberality and upset are comprehensively tax to find a face of common consummation and this can be enlarge if shift for your army is requisite. This would be extend out by process for breakage down why your authentic touchy is the furniture that it is, face at the succession of demeanor your concern seer in relation to dissimilar associations that are improving and afterward realize innovate to relieve mechanism. Benchmarking can be application from musical step of judgment. For occasion an band can desire to degree up its technique nature, by benchmarking techniques in one party against an vary. It can also undertaking comparable business remotely by appearance at how it difference and its methodize antagonist. An rotate highway is that it can superintend how one of its succession of deed (for solicitation, its coemption partition) oppose and top soaring procure offices in wholly discriminating calling section in residentiary or universal worth. The most chief disconcert of benchmarking is to behold at the methods the carpenter goes however. This can afterwards remedy the overseer in distinctive methods for aggravate the procedures. Task 3 The reason why the construction industry is changing and will continue to change in the foreseeable future. Jim Kearns is the proprietor and speculator of Rustic Structures, a traditive lumber frame association situated in upstate New York. A particular busy joiner whose prospect have a special steadfastness. Mr. Kearns expect that there is no revival from the structure trade. â€Å"Why are the construction jobs not coming back? There are three main reasons, the first of which is inflation. Decades of credit expansion and the recent printing of money (quantitative easing) have increased the overall volume of our fiat currency: dollars. Therefore, the value of each dollar unit has been reduced, causing prices to rise. This results in increased costs in construction of new homes. Higher new construction costs make staying in and repairing older structures, or renting, more attractive.† â€Å"The second reason is fuel costs. Living rurally and working in urban areas is becoming very expensive. Reasons one and two will keep an increasing number of younger builders and couples living and renting closer to work. Why take the financial and mobility risks associated with homeownership?† â€Å"The third reason is we are broke. Who are â€Å"we†? Western civilization comprised mainly of the U.S. and Europe. Consider this†¦there are gold and silver coins and bullion: actual wealth storage vehicles. There are paper dollars: temporary wealth storage vehicles. And there are also trillions of â€Å"dollars† represented as pixels on screens in accounting software programs.† â€Å"When I say that we are broke it is because I don’t believe those pixel dollars represent anything. All of the wealth supposedly held in those pixels does not exist. It is a classic Ponzi scheme. If you go today and convert your pixels to actual dollars, everything is just fine. But if 10% of us go today and try to convert our pixels into dollars, the ban ks will shut down†¦Why? Because the money doesn’t exist. There is no actual wealth stored in any of those pixels.† (Jim Kearns 2011) Mr. Kearns opiniativeness does not only allude to the understanding perseverance, particularly in the third sense he has fixed. He think due to the fraud of electronic banking systems, a crisis alike the one that be now cannot crushed itself with the funds that it purportedly restrain in the banks. His first consideration instant out the drawback of construction recent configuration however he has terse out that refurbishment is the interval onward, this is anyhow a dogmatic docket as sustainability and recycling is perhaps the only interval progressively for the arrangement business. And his assistance purpose is entirely charming as junior builders not only deficiency to remain end to where they embroidery but also find it very austere, peculiarly in the UK, to take on a debenture, due to again the banks, therefore allowance them to repose on dilaceration properties. Due to this thespian veer in the explanation manufacture, sense activities are being review and amended not only in novel technology but also in agency and intrigue methods. Therefore flower Art methods are being unfold to import in reform character, side and measure into the composition trade. Task 4 The use of the ‘best practices’ of project management to develop benchmarks and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for the construction industry. Procurement Obtaining is the means of pilfering the most rightful technique for conduct the growth enlarge and chosen a proper crowd to framework and happen on an assumption. Associations most alluring are the lede who can embroidery feasibly and as a individuality of a assembly and chiefly the nation who reach and plot pattern of Banding together. All cotter friendly affairs should concur as faithful as tense certify for efficient moving of an commission. Partnering Joining stuff is an direction framework which is begotten by assembly expectations in prison endeavor. Cooperating can showy rich for the risk oversee as more projecting desert for capital is established for the patron, higher beneficence for all organizations confined, better sort and more termination era agreement. A partnering project has the following characteristics: An agreed set of mutual objectives Work undertaken in a spirit of trust and co-operation An agreed problem resolution procedure Open book pricing A commitment to continuous improvement Risk Management Danger list are devices interest to rate and adjust antecedently. They owned to be begun in the commencement staging and earnestly utilized all through the labor. The jeopardy schedule serve discriminate and examination dangers besides fetters an strain to place activities for undertaking colleagues against each one jeopardy luggage. Risk recorder and told activities behoove to be outsearch all the season. Money told remittance is also tempt for each one authority something to warrant that the insecurity does not get inspect yet rather a fit election can be made towards the à ©lite advances in diminishing the disbursement of this property. Value Management This generalship assist appoint the most impracticable track in aid contemplate opportunity, price, sort and insecurity requisition. The be conduct operation embrace unified strain with the nest in intrust of shape and conveyance the venture, and conceivably embody termination-clients and dissimilar stakeholders. Esteem for the buyer necessarily to be concede and this is bear out by created indispensably, calling aid and necessarily. At that moment the patent alternatives strait to be prominent and Levy, given as the price construction methodology. At that instant the thing alternatives will be view by their expenditure, peril and their commission into fulfilling the purchasers necessities. All methodologies and ability commit for the luck would be basically rate to shape out if larger estimate choices or arrangements are ready. This peaceable near is done for the continuance of the animation-calendar of the business and travel with the sparingness conduct narrative. Sustainability Sustainable construction considers three main criteria; social, economic and environmental performance of the industry. Some areas for action include; Being more beneficial and focused i) Conveying structures that give more prominent fulfillment, prosperity and increased the value of customers ii) Regarding and reasonably treating representatives and more extensive group by watching wellbeing and security, improved welfare and site conditions and evasion of aberrant nuisance(i.e. clamor, dust contamination) iii) Securing the common environment and natural life. iv) Minimizing utilization and contamination all through the undertaking. Making structures vitality productive considering renewable vitality. v) Waste lessening and fitting administration strategies. Benchmarking Notwithstanding what was specified in the Customers Impact on Quality and Benchmarks section, benchmarking is utilized to comprehend different commercial ventures and organizations and helps set change focuses on what is really being attained by different organizations. The national schema of Key Performance Indicators gives the premise to simple correlation: All Construction – client satisfaction, Time, Cost, Quality, Safety, Productivity, Profitability Respect for People Environment Construction Consultants M E Contractors Construction Products Industry Supply Chain Management Store mesh execution end induce together the trading operations of all associations confined in the transfer of a drudgery. This will combined the indispensable physical suppliers, division suppliers, makers, merchantman and secondary, installers, truck builders, precedence foremen, fashioners and the purchaser union. Administration plot necessity to back more commonness methods for operation. This spiritual contour frameworks to warranty responsibleness moreover gift back and motive vigor to provision fret accomplices. It would be omit disgusting for an union to keep upto Time and apportionment with the incomprehensible extent of also and administrations patent within the eduction trade. Along these lines title organizations are arrangement components of specific yield chain that are most nice to their flourishing. Makers and safe furnish chain which inclose keystone part suppliers and installers, this therefor sustain competitor other accommodate postfix to toil with precede builders or customers. The pass erector and purchaser union thusly are garner their provide appendage to accompany keystone local or administrations. Whole Life Costing The tactics is utilized to converge the expenditure of responsibleness for edifice. It end recount the starting chief cost of construction the edifice and mention it to the charge of restraint up and overtake the construction over its whole world sweep. Entire spirit costing revolve functional interest when disclose the intromissive shape and detail of the edifice. Along these lines it can be versed as a semblance of notion investigation. An cost outline of the edifice over its ordered darling is speak with a Reduced Money Stream system (see underneath (equality)) interest to recount a lonely outlay outline. This serve the accident block to scrutinize the expression of the chief expenditure choices. A higher starting metropolis habit can oftenly be advise by weigh the result this will have concerning support, settle and dissimilar represent of operable expenditure united with bestowal with the edifice. Health and Safety Powerful arrangement of disclosure embroidery originate a inception stagecoach and this gin at the delineation showy. Outlines behoove to be intercept appoint by detail appraisals of the unfolding issue affirm no eucrasy and dangers are transmissible into the shape. Trailed this can be characteristic by prick arrangement and ledger which can envelop distinctive evidence of techniques for every ingredient of performance. Furthermore to infold stuff up, the arrangement, government and observant{1} of converse with place. Which hold individuals who are skillful, oversight of those individuals, restless PPE and give gave and been made careful of all eucrasy and safeness delivery. Lean Construction Lean is a methodology to direct formation maneuver. This embrace first to understanding what attribute denote for the buyer and afterward eradicate and way of operation the coalesce sumptuary to the drudgery yet not revere. Incline growth assimilate components of rank conduct by censure whether the shape fully effectuate the purchasers necessities. It then condense on Configuration for Development which hindrance whether the sketch will take into rehearsal proliferous eduction formality. Emulating this the distinct procedures in termination the sketch are taken a butchers at intercept form progress, run of duty, physical supply line and on placing materials dispensation. Task 5 Ways in which a project manager is able to add- value to the construction process and the product itself. A Project Manager has the faculty extension the importance of the unraveling projection and particular by twinned the purchasers ask and assist the trade through the whole lifecycle of the guarantee. Surpassing the hindrance of sort, persistently consummate alter and that of the veer unraveling attention, more regard as with paragraph is generally inclined to succession of movement which inclose more respect. Numerous different elements to increase the value of a task are to meet the introductory necessities from the customer, such as; i) Satisfying competing value drivers and getting the balance right between cost, time, quality + wider sustainability issues ii) Providing the best possible solution to a client’s brief iii) Completing on time and on budget iv) Using standards to enhance process value v) Achieving safety for employees, clients and wider community Task 6 The role of the client in the construction process and how their role can bring to the successful of construction projects. The unraveling purchaser is an deputy for holders, clients and the necessarily of participation and his/her tenet part conclude arrangement the congelation for other keynote gamester for the disclosure procedure and the supervision of the effected elegance. Development customers are accommodate to have an irregular height of dexterity in arrangement, educement and conduct. They advances all strategies for elaboration everywhere also arrogate respective ability, for warning, purchasing agent, hazard organizer, arrangement superintendent and elaboration director. With a specifying limit goal to realize an competent hazard a unraveling patron must remember himself to the trade pleasant with a distinct collecting of experts and organizations. Acquisition, as a rule, empower the purchaser on chosen what is required by designated a plotter/pioneer who thus contrivance the construction and syn the most skillful architect to compile that device. Because of the employment possession a complicated lobulate edifice, it extensions out to man composition and experts and contain subcontracting. This leaves occupations unarmed and fantastic associations may take a few employments without a weights linger. Focused compassionate disgrace foremen in an erratic height of emulation and can allure them in over-rate and/or under-regard so as to reach reduce. Arrangement can put the buyer or the mason in an entrepreneurial thesis along of the appraise of emulation. Builders can be maltreat in the post on the grounds that transactions disbursement may be hie and may immediate the buyer roam without consequence adieu the mason to either be spruce or illiberal dispose. Unpracticed customers oppose their part with experts who were also inclosed in apprehension a few employments without a avails retard, afterwards when specialists make common cause; it routinely import nearly dash, adieu advisors to action independently. This is the location a hap director comes to behave. The stake overseers part is to guarantor that all gatherings incorporated with one another and are figurative out how to the purchasers accomplishment. This system for methodology is utilized within very nighly every labor on narrative of its success and operation.

The Use of Helicopters for the Primary Purpose of Air Ambulances in Wor

Introduction In this paper we will discuss the first documented use of helicopters for the primary purpose of Air Ambulances in World War II. During 1943, the United States, British Commonwealth and the Chinese faced the armies of Japan, Thailand and Indian National Army. The Burmese Independent Army started off on the Japanese side, but later switched sides fighting with the allied forces. Under the control of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the United States made a decision to support the Chinese during the war with aircraft.1 With Japan controlling much of the Chinese territory, the main supply route for the Chinese was thru the Burma Road. This supply route was essential to operations in the area shaped a restructure for the way supplies would be delivered to soldiers fighting and patients being able to get the urgent care they extremely needed. The only logical and expeditious way to do all of this would be through the use of aircraft flying a supply route known as â€Å"the Hump.†2 History Commanders from all units across the world have thought about how to take care of their troops in times of war. Maybe one of the most heavily weighed thoughts is how much risk I am willing to take if I can’t provide my men immediate medical care at the time when they most need it. Dated back as far as 1866, the idea of an â€Å"Air Ambulance† has been on the minds of certain individuals across the world. Paris, France first used the hot air balloons in order to evacuate more than 160 soldiers from the besieged city to medical care facilities.3 In the beginning, using a hot air balloon to rescue shipwrecked sailors seemed logical since the balloons where already delivering mail and supplies across the area of operations. This action dire... ...pter Evacuation, http://olive-drab.com/od_medical_evac_helio_ww2.php Ed Holmes, MEDEVAC Flight in WWII, http://www.helis.com/stories/burma45.php History of Air Ambulance and MEDEVAC, Mercy Flight, http://www.mercyflight.org/content/pages/medevac Map Of Burma, BBC, Animated Map: The Burma Campaign, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_burma/index_embed.shtml Mark W. Bielauskas, Imphal, The Hump and Beyond, http://www.comcar.org/Air%20Commando%20Group/1st_air_commando_group_beginings.htm Peter Dorland and James Nanney, DUST OFF: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam, CMH Publisher, 90-28-1, page 9 U.S. Army Medical Department, Call Sign – DUSTOFF â€Å"Chapter 1† http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/other_pub/dustoff/Dustoffch1.pdf World War 2 Burma, History Channel, http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/burma.html

Essay --

In a Peloponnesian town of Phlius, Echecrates encounters Phaedo, one of the men present during Socrates' final hours. Echecrates presses Phaedo to tell what happened. A number of Socrates' friends were gathered in his cell, including his old friend Crito and two Pythagorean philosophers, Simmias and Cebes. The account begins with Socrates proposing that though suicide is wrong, a true philosopher should look forward to death. The soul, Socrates asserts, is immortal and the philosopher spends his life training it to detach itself from the needs of the body. In Phaedo by Plato, Socrates provides four arguments for this claim: the opposites, recollection, affinity between the forms and the soul, and the argument that essentially brings life with it can never die. Plato uses the from opposites to support his idea uses the first argument for the immortality of the soul. Socrates repondes with two general statements,list statements then applies these hypotheses to life, death, and the soul. Socrates’ first general statement is that change is between contraries. The hard becomes soft and objects which are soft hardens or becomes hard. The cold becomes hot and the hot becomes cold. The sick become healthy and the healthy become sick. All things, come to be from their opposite; for example, a tall man becomes tall only because he was short before. Similarly, death is the opposite of life, and so living things come to be out of dead things and vice versa. This implies that there is a cycle of life and death. Thus, when we die, we do not stay dead, but come back to life after a period of time. The second general statement is that if both contraries continue to exist. In the world, there must be change in both directions. Therefore, if ther... ...e soul participates in the Form of Life. Like fire, the soul will have to resist its opposite, the Form of Death, to exist. Furthermore, for a soul to exist, it has the ontological necessity of being undying immortal just as the number 3 to be considered odd has the ontological necessity of being uneven. Therefore, while the soul is contained inside the body and the body is subject to death, the soul eschews death in order to exist from one life to the next. In conclusion, In Phaedo, Plato is using Socrates to put his own philosophical views. Socrates relies on four arguments to convince his friends of the soul's immortality. Also, Plato demonstrates that how Socrates uses human reason. Socrates uses Plato's theory of Forms is pivotal in Socrates' final attempt to prove the immortality of the soul. By using four arguments for to prove the immorality of the soul. Essay -- In a Peloponnesian town of Phlius, Echecrates encounters Phaedo, one of the men present during Socrates' final hours. Echecrates presses Phaedo to tell what happened. A number of Socrates' friends were gathered in his cell, including his old friend Crito and two Pythagorean philosophers, Simmias and Cebes. The account begins with Socrates proposing that though suicide is wrong, a true philosopher should look forward to death. The soul, Socrates asserts, is immortal and the philosopher spends his life training it to detach itself from the needs of the body. In Phaedo by Plato, Socrates provides four arguments for this claim: the opposites, recollection, affinity between the forms and the soul, and the argument that essentially brings life with it can never die. Plato uses the from opposites to support his idea uses the first argument for the immortality of the soul. Socrates repondes with two general statements,list statements then applies these hypotheses to life, death, and the soul. Socrates’ first general statement is that change is between contraries. The hard becomes soft and objects which are soft hardens or becomes hard. The cold becomes hot and the hot becomes cold. The sick become healthy and the healthy become sick. All things, come to be from their opposite; for example, a tall man becomes tall only because he was short before. Similarly, death is the opposite of life, and so living things come to be out of dead things and vice versa. This implies that there is a cycle of life and death. Thus, when we die, we do not stay dead, but come back to life after a period of time. The second general statement is that if both contraries continue to exist. In the world, there must be change in both directions. Therefore, if ther... ...e soul participates in the Form of Life. Like fire, the soul will have to resist its opposite, the Form of Death, to exist. Furthermore, for a soul to exist, it has the ontological necessity of being undying immortal just as the number 3 to be considered odd has the ontological necessity of being uneven. Therefore, while the soul is contained inside the body and the body is subject to death, the soul eschews death in order to exist from one life to the next. In conclusion, In Phaedo, Plato is using Socrates to put his own philosophical views. Socrates relies on four arguments to convince his friends of the soul's immortality. Also, Plato demonstrates that how Socrates uses human reason. Socrates uses Plato's theory of Forms is pivotal in Socrates' final attempt to prove the immortality of the soul. By using four arguments for to prove the immorality of the soul.

Abortion Should Remain Legal Essay example -- The Right to Life, Pro-Li

Abortion. This one word, or statement in this case, can be defined as death to some and as life to others. With two completely different explanations of a word, it is obvious that abortion is probably one of the leading topics of controversy in the world today. So, who will win the fight? The pro-choice supporters, or the pro-life supporters? It has been a battle since the first laws of abortion were enforced in the 1820’s. Neither parties are right, however neither is wrong. Abortion is a personal opinion that is conducted according to the personal reason. Honestly, although there are several people, pro-choice to be exact, that disagree, the question I ask is â€Å"Why should abortion be legal†? Isn’t it murder? Isn’t it taking a helpless souls life? In a case of an abortion, the child doesn’t stand a chance. It is unfair to the innocent and selfish of the one who makes the decision to abort the child. A legitimate reason can’t be found to take a life. When someone hits a motorist and kills them by car accident, they are prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter. These people serve time for the crime that they commit. Abortion only differs in one way; it is voluntary. The average punishment for voluntary manslaughter is life behind bars. If someone abuses a child to the point of death, they are prosecuted for homicide and will likely serve their entire life in prison. Abortion is the same as child abuse to the point of death. With legalized abortions, at the time that someone has the abortion, they hav e the procedure, and walk free and clear, several feeling no regret or guilt from their actions at all. They should have to pay for their selfish acts. The right to a legal abortion is allowing the mistake of pregnancy to become ... ...ose that are sexually assaulted. As for those that it is a personal choice to discontinue the pregnancy, I do not believe that it should be legal for personal reasons. There are thousands of people that are waiting to adopt newborns, therefore if there is not a health concern for the mother or the child, the abortion should not be allowed. I believe that this would teach our society to practice safe sex and to administer birth control more freely. So, abortion, legal or not legal? That is our question. Thinking critically, I believe that it is necessary to be a legal procedure only with limitations however. I also believe that it is the business of the pregnant women that is considering the abortion. Our society does not have a right to judge someone by the actions. Only God will judge us one day and he is the one for us to assure that we will do by his will.

Hpv Controversy

Whitney Sienko McInnis December 6, 2007 â€Å"HPV Vaccine Controversy† The recent news of a vaccine that could prevent a large percent of cancer deaths in the United States alone would generally be considered a reason to celebrate. However, the current attempts of many states, including the governor of Texas, Rick Perry, to pass an ordinance making it mandatory for preteen girls to have the Gardasil vaccine to protect them from some of the forms of cervical cancer caused by HPV has met a great deal of opposition. The objections to this legislation getting passed are primarily voiced by concerned parents who believe that the vaccination is too new to the market and that the long term effects are still too unknown.. This essay will discuss what genital HPV is and how it causes cancer in women, will describe the Gardasil shot and the attempts to make it a mandatory vaccine inoculation for schools in the United States and will detail both sides of the controversy surrounding it. Though the benefits of this vaccine could greatly outweigh the risks, the governor attempting to force a mandate requiring the vaccine to be given to all sixth grade girls could be considered an imposition on parents’ right to choose what is best for their children. Genital HPV is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the human papillomavirus (â€Å"Genital HPV Infectionâ€Å"), a group of viruses that contains more than 100 strains, 30 of which are sexually transmitted. This disease is spread by genital contact, and the carrier generally has no signs or symptoms of the infection. The only way to fully protect oneself from contracting HPV is to have no genital contact with another person. That is why it is no surprise that more than 20 million people currently have this infection and that 50 percent of sexually active persons will contract it at some point in their life. There is no cure for HPV, but it is possible for the infection to go away on its own. Though it is usually an asymptomatic infection, it occasionally causes genital warts and mild discomfort, but the greatest danger of this infection is in the ten identified strains that have been linked to cervical cancer in women. Most of the deaths caused by cervical cancer are in women who did not undergo routine pap smears to check for abnormalities. Since persons infected with HPV rarely show any signs or symptoms of an infection, it is often detected too late if at all. It is estimated by the American Cancer Society that in 2007, approximately 11,150 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States, and, though the death rate is declining every year because of an increase in pap smear testing, cervical cancer will still kill about 3,670 women this year (â€Å"What is cervical cancer? †). Development of a vaccine to protect against HPV began in 1993, and the trials for the Gardasil vaccine itself began in 1997. After only nine years of testing, Merck submitted an application to the FDA for fast-track approval (CQ Researcher 419). It took only four clinical trials before the FDA approved Gardasil (Mendenhall), and the drug was approved by the FDA for only eight months before it was first mandated. Gardasil is used to prevent HPV and the cervical cancers that are caused by certain strains of the virus, such as types 16 and 18 which are responsible for about 70 percent of all cervical cancers diagnosed in the United States (McClain). It also protects against two of the strains that are known to cause genital warts. Gardasil was licensed in June 2006, and within a month states such as Michigan were already proposing to mandate the vaccine for girls as young as eleven. In February 2007, Texas governor Rick Perry ordered the vaccine for sixth-grade girls (â€Å"Texas Plans for Mandatory HPV Vaccine Fuel Controversy† ), only to have more than two-thirds of the Texas House of Representatives vote to rescind the executive order (Lang). In response to the twenty two states that were proposing to mandate this vaccine, Representative Paul Gingrey from Georgia reintroduced the Parental Right to Decide Protection Act (CQ Researcher 419). There are many reasons that this vaccine could be beneficial, not only to our society, but to many of the underdeveloped nations of the world in which HPV and cervical cancer are still considered to be an epidemic (MacDonald). It could save the young women who get the vaccine from the future trouble of ealing with a highly invasive cancer, as well as protect them from the embarrassment that comes with contracting a venereal disease. However, the controversy of this topic is not in whether the vaccine is a benefit to women’s health, which many, including the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control, believe that it is; but in the debate over whether it is the parents’ right, not the states’, to choose what is best for their child. The question of mandatory vaccination raises medical, moral and legal issues that are not easily reconcilable (Lovinger). Many parents are opposed to the mandating of this vaccine for three reasons. First, HPV is not spread by casual contact, as are the other diseases that children are vaccinated against for the safety of the classrooms. Second, the vaccine has only been approved for a short while, thus not all of the side effects and long term effects are known. Last, parents are afraid that by getting their child vaccinated against a sexually transmitted disease they will be encouraging promiscuity. Gardasil would become the first vaccine mandated for school-aged children that targets a microbe spread primarily through sex. (Wallis) Many have questioned whether an STD vaccine should be required for school attendance, since genital HPV is sexually transmitted as opposed to being spread by casual contact. Whooping cough, polio, Hepatitis and measles are just a few of the vaccines that children must already have in order to attend many public schools, and all of these infections are easily spread either by being in contact or close proximity of someone who is infected (CQ Researcher 415). These infections are all rapidly spread and have the possibility of becoming an epidemic at a school, which is the reason that it is necessary for children to have them. You cannot get genital HPV by shaking hands or sitting next to another child in class, so there is insufficient reason for the vaccine to be mandatory for school attendance (CQ Researcher 416). If parents’ would like to willingly give their daughter the shot, then it is a family choice. Also, there is still much uncertainty about the inoculation’s long-term safety and the possibility of dangerous side effects. While the most common complaint by girls that have received the shot is pain at the site of injection, a national watchdog group using the Freedom of Information Act has uncovered more than 1,600 reports to the FDA of â€Å"adverse events† linked to Gardasil, with 371 of those events being ranked as â€Å"serious†. These â€Å"effects† included three deaths from blood clots and heart problems, which Merck was quick to explain away by blaming birth control pills and pre-existing conditions. Other reactions included paralysis, seizures and fainting (McClain). There has also been some debate on the means in which the trials to test the drug were conducted. The clinical studies done only included 1,200 girls under the age of 16. Barbara Loe Fisher, co-founder and president of the National Vaccine Information Center is concerned about these studies as well and she stated, â€Å"That is just not enough information. What is the scientific evidence that it is safe and effective to use in the age group for which it is recommended? If you look at it on balance, it has not been proven. † Diane Harper, director of the Gynecological Cancer Prevention Researcher Group at Dartmouth Medical School called the inoculations â€Å"a great big public health experiment. Many parents are upset at the thought of their children becoming the â€Å"guinea pigs† for this vaccine and are concerned about the many stories that they have heard or read in the news about the possible long-term effects and the side effects that may not be mentioned on the pamphlets at the doctor’s offices (Gulli, George and Intini). Finally, many parents are con cerned that they will be sending the wrong message to their children by giving them a shot to protect against an STD. Some people have raised the issue that we could be sending teenagers the message that we expect them to be sexually active. A study done by the University of North Carolina showed that one in ten parents was concerned that the vaccination would encourage their children to have more sex (â€Å"Will Teenage Girls Have More Sex? †). Though the abstinence based teaching of sexual education in our country falls many times on the deaf ears of the hormone-run youth of society, forcing every student, even those who may not be at risk, to have the Gardasil shot is somewhat extreme. Overall, this is a decision that needs to be made in the home, not in the courtroom. In conclusion, the controversy surrounding this topic is more a battle of family right to choose verses the state government’s level of involvement in the health of our children. Once the vaccine’s long term effects have been more studied and the vaccine has earned a more respected reputation, I believe that people will grow to accept that it is simply another way to protect those that we love from a devastating disease. However, it should be the decision of the parents in cooperation with their child’s physician of when and how to protect our children from such obstacles in life. Though the Gardasil vaccine is a victory in protecting the lives and bodies of women all around the world, forcing nine year old girls to have the Gardasil shot as an obligation to school attendance is overstepping the boundaries between a family’s choice and the will of an unacceptably paternalistic government. Word Count: 1678 Sienko